Map symbols
- Visual variables: spacing, size, orientation, shape, arrangement, height, hue, value, saturation.
- Data classification
- Topographic and thematic map design and symbolization
- Map design for presentation, synthesis, analysis and exploration of spatial data
- Exploratory data analysis, graphical data analysis techniques
- 2D, 2.5D, and 3D data and their representation
- Temporal data and their representation