- Types and characteristics of errors. Standard errors and weights. Error propagation.
- Error curve, error ellipse and error ellipsoid
- Statistical distributions. Confidence intervals. Regression and variance analysis.
- Least squares principle. Condition adjustment. Linearization of non-linear conditions.
- Adjutsment by elements. Linearization of non-linear observation equations.
- Observation equations of common geodetic measurements.
- Other adjustment models.
AH2921 Adjustment Theory 6.0 credits

Error analysis of geospatial data and adjustment of measurements using the least squares method.
Information per course offering
Course offerings are missing for current or upcoming semesters.
Course syllabus as PDF
Please note: all information from the Course syllabus is available on this page in an accessible format.
Course syllabus AH2921 (Autumn 2010–)Content and learning outcomes
Course contents
Intended learning outcomes
After completing this course, students should be able to
- analyze errors and geospatial data quality
- carry out calculations of least squares adjustment
- use theoretical insights of errors in designing and planning of practical surveying work
Literature and preparations
Specific prerequisites
For single course students:
- A completed Bachelor of Science in Engineering or 180 credits academic studies in the field of Technical Science, Economics or Planning and documented proficiency in English corresponding to English B.
For program students:
- AH1816 Geodetic Surveying or equivalent
Recommended prerequisites
For single course students:
-
A completed Bachelor of Science in Engineering or 180 credits academic studies in the field of Technical Science, Economics or Planning and documented proficiency in English corresponding to English B.
For program students:
-
AH1816 Geodetic Surveying or equivalent
Literature
Fan (1997). Theory of errors and least squares adjustment. KTH.
Examination and completion
Grading scale
Examination
- TEN1 - Examination, 3.0 credits, grading scale: A, B, C, D, E, FX, F
- LAB1 - Laboratory Work, 3.0 credits, grading scale: P, F
Based on recommendation from KTH’s coordinator for disabilities, the examiner will decide how to adapt an examination for students with documented disability.
The examiner may apply another examination format when re-examining individual students.
If the course is discontinued, students may request to be examined during the following two academic years.
TEN1 - Written exam, 3,0 p, grading scale: A, B, C, D, E, FX, F
LAB1 - Laboratory works, 3,0 p, grading scale: P, F
Examiner
Ethical approach
- All members of a group are responsible for the group's work.
- In any assessment, every student shall honestly disclose any help received and sources used.
- In an oral assessment, every student shall be able to present and answer questions about the entire assignment and solution.